Strategic Change in Government Based on Organization...

Strategic Change in Government Based on Organization Hierarchy The literature supports the position that there should be a relationship between the structure and organization change. This study was undertaken to determine how different organization roles, hierarchy, and sizes affect planned strategic change. A survey instrument was administered to top federal government agency leadership to assess change in their organization. The intention is to draw common relationships between organization change and specific categories or sizes of organizations. Role of Change Business strategy and structure have always been related. Organizational change involves innovation, process improvement, and organizational redesign (Galbraith†¦show more content†¦Nutt and Backoff, (1992, p. 112) explain that some types of public organizations that can control change and other types that cannot easily control change. Professional agencies such as the IRS and FBI have considerable prerogative to act in a prescribed arena and have a protected budget. Political agencies, such as the State Department, have high control over their actions and may have legislation to protect it. Thus, change may be in the hands of parties outside of the agency. In examining change, Lewin identified three phases of the change process - unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. This involves getting people ready for the change, providing new patterns of behavior, integrating the behavior into the individual permanently. Tushman and Romanelli (1985) noted that â€Å"only executive leadership has the position and potential to initiate and implement strategic change†. There are four levels of change in people: knowledge, attitude, behavioral, organizational change (Hersey and Blancherd, 1993). This research focuses on the organizational or group performance changes. Change in Organizations nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Organizational change is considered to be the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization (Pierce and Delbecq, 1977). The Amburgey and Dacin (1994) study found that strategic and structural changes occurring throughout the history of a firm affect the rates ofShow MoreRelatedProgramme Management : Program Management1121 Words   |  5 PagesProgramme Management Approach There is confusion in literature regarding the definition of programme management. Tjahjana, Dwyer and Habib (2009) describe programme management as the alignment of ongoing projects within an organization. Pennypacker and Ritchie (2005), on the other hand, define it as the application of knowledge, skills and techniques to programme activities to meet the programme requirements. Morris and Jamieson (2004) argue that most companies consider that programme managementRead MoreOrganizations And Project Management Organizations955 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizations and Project Management Organizations use governance to establish strategic direction and performance parameters. The strategic direction provides the purpose, expectations, goals, and actions necessary to guide business pursuit and is aligned with business objectives. Project management activities should be aligned with top-level business direction, and if there is a change, then project objectives need to be realigned. In a project environment, changes to project objectives affectRead MoreStrategic Management For Competitive Advantage1132 Words   |  5 Pages Strategic Management for Competitive Advantage Framework The article mainly talks about strategic management employed by organizations to meet their strategic objectives and hence achieve organizational mission. 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The Value of Kindness in Bhakti According to Vyasa’s The...

Vyasa’s The Bhagavad Gita, written between 300 B.C.E. and 300 C.E., is regarded as the eternal message of spiritual wisdom from ancient India. Lord Krishna discusses with Arjuna the types of discipline that men should possess, particularly devotion, or bhakti. The purpose of this essay is to show that Krishna’s teaching of bhakti in The Bhagavad Gita entails that one should exhibit kind behavior at all times. Kindness is necessary in the practice of bhakti, and those who devote their utmost faith to Krishna will be granted religious salvation, as shown in the Seventh and Twelfth Teachings. The Bhagavad Gita has also found its place in Hindu culture, and Krishna’s teaching of bhakti influenced Indian society as a whole. In the Seventh Teaching of The Bhagavad Gita, Krishna goes more in-depth on discipline as was discussed in his previous teachings. Krishna explains to Arjuna that devotion, or bhakti, is a discipline that â€Å"involves the performance of discipli ned action (karma)† (Vyasa, 157). Bhakti entails action done for the greater good, which leads to salvation in the end because of one’s compassion. Compassion is kindness to all living beings especially when they are in distress, and those who exhibit compassion are thus qualified to attain association with the Supreme Lord and his devotees. Vyasa’s emphasis on the â€Å"disciplined man of knowledge† is significant in that he is a rare being who is â€Å"set apart by his singular devotion [to Krishna]† (75). This emphasis signifies

Okonkw’s Insecurity Free Essays

There are a lot of factors in a person’s life that contribute to their feeling of insecurity. Certain events might cause that, mostly it tends to be childhood events. Men usually try to hide their insecure feelings by making sure they appear strong and masculine while deep down they could be very weak. We will write a custom essay sample on Okonkw’s Insecurity or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person feeling insecure is normal but insecurity taking over a person might result in his downfall. That’s what happened to Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart. Okonkwo’s obsession with what others think of him started from an early age, which would drive him to be insecure. Okonkwo’s father is the reason for Okonkwo’s insecurity. His dad being viewed as a nothing would make Okonkwo wants to be viewed as everything his father wasn’t. Okonkwo’s first priority is to maintain his masculinity in front of people, which would lead him to success at first. But, later on he would be so afraid to look weak, that he breaks a lot of tribal rules just to keep his image intact. Okonkwo starts breaking the rules by beating his youngest wife Ojiugo during the week of peace because she left the hut without cooking dinner. He later one does another fatal error that would start leading to his fall down, he kills the boy which called him father although the clan’s leader and the authorities told him not to. Okonkwo loved Ikemfuna but he still killed him because he resembles any feelings with femininity and for him any sign of femininity is being weak. Feeling weak inside, Okonkwo would do actions to make people feel down. Insecure people insult others because they think that, by making someone else down; it will make them feel better about themselves. That’s exactly what Okonkwo does when he tells Sugo – a man without titles- â€Å"This meeting is for men,† who implies that he is not a man, but actually a woman, who is a weak creature in Okonkwo’s view. The reason why Okonkwo specifically attacked Sugo by implying that he is a woman is because insecure people attack the things they are most afraid of. Another reason why he constantly criticizes people is because, deep down, he feels inferior. This particularly shows when his wife, Ekwefi, says â€Å"guns that never shot†. He immediately translates that as a critique of his masculinity. As a result, he starts beating her, thinking that this will prove his masculinity, while it totally shows the opposite. It actually makes him seem weaker. Okonkwo hides all his emotions under a mask because he associates any form of emotion, such as compassion and love, to being feminine. Okonkwo tries to hide his emotions from his daughter Ezinma. Although she is his favorite child, he refuses to show her any kind of emotion, supposedly, to maintain his masculinity. Another example of how Okonkwo tries to hide how he feels is when he kills his â€Å"son† Ikemefuna. Upon killing him, Okonkwo feels too much pain inside of him that he thinks of himself as a â€Å"woman†. However, afraid of being viewed as weak, he keeps trying to hide his feelings. Instead, his body responds and starts to weaken without him noticing it. How to cite Okonkw’s Insecurity, Essay examples

Whats the Characteristic You Believe Every Leader Should Possess free essay sample

One characteristic that I believe every leader should possess is character. A leaders character plays an essential role in determining the effectiveness of his leadership. Dependability and honesty are the two important aspects of a leaders character. Even a slight mistake in their character will lead to the followers not believing in his ways. Therefore, he should follow all the set leadership principles. Leaders should have character because personality is what people judge you from. If you have a bad, stuck-up personality you will likely be despised. But when you have a good, mature personality you will be looked up to. People like leaders with strong characters because they can be role model to younger people. When you are a role model, people look up to you, for answers, guidance and inspiration. Leaders do not command excellence, they build excellence. Excellence is â€Å"being all you can be† within the limits of doing what is right. We will write a custom essay sample on Whats the Characteristic You Believe Every Leader Should Possess? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To reach excellence you must first be a leader of good character. You must do everything you are supposed to do. Pursuin+g excellence should not be confused with accomplishing a job or task. I compare my essay to a cartoon show. The superheroes are well liked because of their good character and positivity. They are the ones that do the right things. Doing the right things makes them a leader. But the villains are despised because they do bad things. That leads to them being despised. Leader should do their best to have a strong character. Having character is one of the most (if not the most) important characteristic. Confidence, knowledge, respect, and attitude are other characteristics leaders should possess. I hope you enjoyed my essay. Thank you for taking the time to read my essay.

Analytic geometry Essay Example

Analytic geometry Essay There is a checkbox at the bottom of the exam form that you MUST check prior to submitting this exam. Failure to do so may cause your work to be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) What is the measure of the third angle? 30. 5 55 35 149. 5 Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) What are two qualities that make an equilateral triangle unique? Three congruent sides and three congruent angles Three noncongruent sides and three congruent angles Three noncongruent sides and two congruent angles Two congruent sides and three noncongruent angles Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) What is the value of G? 37 14 83 97 Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) A triangle has the following measurements. What is a possible length for the third side? GH = 19, HJ = 8, JG = ? 17 27 6 11 Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) What is the most accurate name for the triangle? right acute isosceles obtuse scalene equilateral Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) Which triangle always has at least two congruent sides? obtuse equiangular right acute scalene isosceles Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) What is the m? ADC? 57. 5 65 115 90 Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) If m? BDC = 125, what is the m? ABD? 70 55 115 60 NOT SURE IF YOU CAN DO THIS ONE. IF YOU CAN TRY. I HVE NO UNDERSTANDING OF THE BELOW. 1. Draw a line segment and copy it to the right of the original segment. Explain your steps and justify each step used. 2. Bisect the original line segment from problem one. 3. Draw an angle and copy it to the right of the original angle. Explain your steps and justify each step used. 4. Bisect the original angle from problem three. 05. 04 Coordinate Geometry We will write a custom essay sample on Analytic geometry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analytic geometry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analytic geometry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Warning: There is a checkbox at the bottom of the exam form that you MUST check prior to submitting this exam. Failure to do so may cause your work to be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) (05. 04) The following set of coordinates represents which figure? (-5, 3), (-2, 5), (2, 4), (-4, 0) kite parallelogram rectangle trapezoid Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) (05. 04) If quadrilateral JKLM is a kite, what is the ordered pair of its missing vertex? (-2, -1) (-2, 2) (-4, -1) (-4, 2) Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) 05. 04) If quadrilateral FGHI is an isosceles trapezoid, what is the ordered pair of its missing vertex? (10, 4) (7, 4) (8, 4) (11, 4) Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) (05. 04) If quadrilateral BDMZ is a rhombus, which of the following ordered pairs could be a vertex? (1, -1) (2, 3) (1, 3) (2, 2) Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) (05. 04) Quadrilateral ABCD has coordinates (3, 5), (5, 2), (8, 4), (6, 7). Quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle because its length is units, its width is units, and adjacent sides are perpendicular trapezoid because it has only one pair of parallel sides quare because its length and width are both units and adjacent sides are perpendicular rhombus because its length and width are both units and adjacent sides are not perpendicular Bottom of Form 06. 02 Translations and Reflections Warning: There is a checkbox at the bottom of the exam form that you MUST check prior to submitting this exam. Failure to do so may cause your work to be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Pentagon PQRST and its reflection, pentagon PQRST, are shown in the coordinate plane below. What is the line of reflection between pentagons PQRST and PQRST? y = x y = 0 x = 1 x = 0 Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Pentagon ABCDE and pentagon ABCDE are shown on the coordinate plane below. Which two transformations are applied to pentagon ABCDE to create ABCDE? translated according to the rule (x, y) (x + 7, y + 1) and reflected across the x-axis translated according to the rule (x, y) (x + 1, y + 7) and reflected across the axis translated according to the rule (x, y) (x + 7, y + 1) and reflected across the y-axis translated according to the ule (x, y) (x + 1, y + 7) and reflected across the y-axis Question 3 (Fill-In-The-Blank Worth 2 points) Trapezoid TUVW is shown on the coordinate plane below. If trapezoid TUVW represents trapezoid TUVW reflected over the y-axis, the ordered pair of W is ___________. (Note: You must include parentheses and a comma when typing the ordered pair. ) Answer for Blank 1: Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Quadrilateral LMNO is shown on the coordinate plane below. If quadrilateral LMNO represents the reflection of quadrilateral LMNO across the line y = x, which point is at the ordered pair (3, 2)? N O M L Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Triangle XYZ is shown on the coordinate plane below. If triangle XYZ is reflected across the line y = 1 to create triangle XYZ, what is the ordered pair of X? (-4, 5) (-2, 5) (4, -3) (4, -5) Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Triangle ABC is translated on the coordinate plane below to create triangle ABC. If parallelogram EFGH is translated according to the same rule that translated triangle ABC, what is the ordered pair of point H? (-3, -3) (4, 9) (7, 6) (0, -5) Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Hexagon DEFGHI is translated on the coordinate plane below to create hexagon DEFGHI. Which rule represents the translation of hexagon DEFGHI to hexagon DEFGHI? (x, y)(x 9, y 3) (x, y)(x 3, y 9) (x, y)(x + 3, y + 3) (x, y)(x + 9, y + 9) Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Trapezoid JKLM is shown on the coordinate plane below. If trapezoid JKLM is translated according to the rule (x, y) (x + 2, y – 6), what are the coordinates of point L? (1, -4) (-4, -1) (-7, 4) (0, 7) Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) A city grid of Anytown, USA is shown on the grid below. The fire department is represented by quadrilateral RSTU. Another fire department is opening in a different part of the city to maximize fire protection. The size of the new departments property must be congruent to the older department. Vertices A and B are plotted on the grid to represent two vertices of the new fire department quadrilateral ABCD. What could be the ordered pairs representing vertices C and D of quadrilateral ABCD so that the new fire department is congruent to the old fire department? C(1, 1), D(4, 1) C(1, 6), D(4, 6) C(1, 2), D(4, 2) C(1, 4), D(4, 4) Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Jared is flying a kite in the park. It is reflected in the surface of a nearby pond. Jareds kite, labeled JKLM, is graphed on the coordinate plane below. If kite JKLM represents the reflection of kite JKLM over the x-axis, what is the ordered pair of point J? (-5, -2) (5, 7) (-5, -7) (7, -5) Bottom of Form 06. 04 Rotations Warning: There is a checkbox at the bottom of the exam form that you MUST check prior to submitting this exam. Failure to do so may cause your work to be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) Pentagon ABCDE is shown on the coordinate plane below. If pentagon ABCDE is rotated 180Â ° around the origin to create pentagon A’B’C’D’E’, what is the ordered pair of point D’? (-1, 2) (2, 1) (1, -2) (-2, -1) Question 2 (Fill-In-The-Blank Worth 3 points) Use the figure shown below to answer the question that follows. What is the order of rotation of this figure? Numerical Answers Expected! Answer for Blank 1: Question 3 (Fill-In-The-Blank Worth 3 points) What is the angle of rotation for a regular octagon? Note: Be sure to type out the word degrees, instead of the symbol. ) Answer for Blank 1: Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) How many total lines of symmetry may be found in the image below? 16 8 12 4 Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) Parallelogram JKLM is shown on the coordinate plane below. If parallelogram JKLM is rotated 270Â ° clockwise around the origin, what are the coordinates of the endpoints of the side congruent to side KL in the image parallelogram? K’(-4, -6); L’(3, -3) K’(-6, -4); L’(-3, -3) K’(6, 4); L’(3, 3) K’(-4, 6); L’(-3, -3) Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) Triangles DEF and D’E’F’ are shown on the coordinate plane below. What rotation was applied to triangle DEF to create triangle D’E’F’? none of the above 90Â ° counterclockwise 180Â ° 90Â ° clockwise Bottom of Form THIS IS ANOTHER ONE. NOT SURE IF YOU ARE ABLE TO MAKE THESE LINES OR COME CLOSE. AGAIN THIS IS FOR A HIGH SCHOOLER SO IT DOESN’T HAVE TO BE PERFECT. Now that you know how to construct, its time to create your own constructions. Complete the tasks below. 1. Using a compass and straightedge, construct parallel lines. 2. Construct parallel lines using GeoGebra or another construction program. . Using a compass and straightedge, construct perpendicular lines. 4. Construct perpendicular lines using GeoGebra or another construction program. 07. 03 Lateral and Surface Area Warning: There is a checkbox at the bottom of the exam form that you MUST check prior to submitting this exam. Failure to do so may cause your work to be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) What is the lateral area of a rectangular prism if the base edges are 6 meters and 4 meters and the height is 7 meters? 140 m2 4 m2 24 m2 122 m2 Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) The height of an equilateral rectangular prism increases by four units. The new lateral area is more than the original by how much? four more than the perimeter of the base four times the the area of the base four times the perimeter of the base four more than the area of the base Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) A square pyramid has a slant height of 17 inches and a height of 15 inches. What is its surface area if the square base has sides of length 16 inches? 224 in2 480 in2 800 in2 864 in2 Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) What is the lateral area of a triangular prism with base edges all equaling 4 feet and a height of 10 feet? 160 ft2 180 ft2 140 ft2 120 ft2 Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 points) A prism has a right triangle as its base with a hypotenuse that measures 5 meters and legs that measure 3 meters and 4 meters. What is the surface area of this prism if the height of the prism is 6 meters? 102 m2 96 m2 78 m2 84 m2 Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points) Which of the following is a situation where finding the lateral area would be appropriate? Determining how many bricks are needed to build a pyramid with a brick floor. Determining how much water is needed to fill a rectangular tank. Determining how much stucco is needed to stucco the walls and roof of a building. Determining how much paint is needed to paint the walls of your bedroom. Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 points) Observe the composite figure below. The bottom shape is a cube with base edges of 6 inches. The top shape is a right pyramid with a height of 4 inches. What is the surface area of this composite figure? 180 in2 60 in2 240 in2 36 in2 Bottom of Form

The role of physics in our daily lives Essays

The role of physics in our daily lives Essays The role of physics in our daily lives Essay The role of physics in our daily lives Essay 1 ROLE OF PHYSICS IN OUR DAILY LIFE Introduction We are populating in the century of scientific discipline and engineering and debut of scientific discipline in our daily has transformed our lives. When people had no thought about scientific discipline, even so their lives were governed by rules of different subdivisions of scientific discipline. When we light a fire, it is a chemical procedure ; when we eat and digest nutrient, it is biological procedure ; when we walk on Erath, it is governed by Torahs of natural philosophies ; when an Earthquake occurs, it’s a seismal activity ; when we talk about different terrains and treasures of Earth surface, it is related to Geology. There is no individual activity of our lives, which define our one or other field of scientific discipline. Similarly, natural philosophies governs our mundane lives and is involved in a figure of activities we perform and things we use in our day-to-day life. Here we will discourse how natural philosophies is playing its portion in running our mundane undertakings and aids us to make our errands, jobs and responsibilities swimmingly and efficaciously. Body Physicss is considered natural scientific discipline because it deals with the things like affair, force, energy and gesture. As these all are related to task related to mundane life, so, we can state that natural philosophies surveies how the existence works, how Earth Moves around the Sun, how lightening work stoppages, how our icebox plants and many more. In short, natural philosophies define how everything works around us. When can non divide anything from scientific discipline and, our universe can non unplug itself from the admirations of Physics. When we look around us, we can see a figure of things that work on the rules of Physics. We can explicate our several activities by doing usage of the cognition of Physics. Here, we will discourse some of the illustration, which will assist us to larn how natural philosophies is playing its portion in our lives each twenty-four hours. Walking A figure of rules of natural philosophies are involved in simple act of walking. It involves constructs of weight, Newton’s three Torahs of inactiveness, clash, gravitative jurisprudence and possible and kinetic energy. When we walk, we really act like an upside-down pendulum. When we put the pes on land, it becomes our axis and our mass is centered in our venters, depicting the form of an discharge. When we set pes on land, we really put weight i.e w=mg and use rearward force on land, as the response to our weight, land responds by an opposing force which is perpendicular in nature, on leg which slows us down and this decelerating procedure continues unless our leg comes nighest to our pot. When leg is traveling, kinetic energy is at upper limit and possible energy is zero, but, when leg reaches nearest to belly or curve, possible energy ranges to its upper limit. When another measure is taken, the stored possible energy is converted to kinetic energy and this procedure conti nues. We act as an progressive pendulum, because all possible energy is non converted into kinetic energy. Merely 65 per centum of energy is provided by stored possible energy to take following measure, staying 35 per centum is provided by bio chemical procedures. ( Kunzig, 2001 ) When we walk we really do some work in physical footings, as W=F*S, when we exert some force and as a consequence of it we cover some distance we really do work. During walking, Newton’s three Torahs of gesture are applied. First jurisprudence of gesture provinces that, a organic structure remains in province of remainder unless a force is applied on it. When we are at remainder, inactiveness is at upper limit. Body needs largest sum of force to acquire out of province of inactiveness, i.e when we start walking. When we talk first measure the energy is transferred from pes to upper organic structure parts and we start traveling, during the procedure of walking inertia supports on altering additions when we set pes on land and lessenings when we move the pes up. Second jurisprudence of gesture provinces that a=F/m i.e acceleration is straight relative to the force we use or exert while walking, hence, when we will use more force, our acceleration will increase. Third jurisprude nce of gesture is about action and reaction, when we set pes on land we exert force on it and as a consequence to it land exerts reactionist perpendicular force on organic structure. ( Patricia Ann Kramer, 2011 ) Cooking Thermodynamicss is a subdivision of natural philosophies that trades with heat, temperature and work done due to it. Heat is a signifier of energy that can be transferred from one medium to another i.e heat transportation. For heat transportation, heat travels from hotter surface to cooler. When we put pan, with H2O or something else in it, on firing stove the energy in fire of range touches cold pan, it starts reassigning heat to the pan therefore doing it beak. This phenomenon is called conductivity. Convection is a procedure of motion of molecules in liquid and gases. When we heat the pan, the H2O molecules on the base of pan start heating up, a clip comes when they get adequate energy and go hotter than the molecules around them, so they start traveling to the surface of H2O. The H2O molecules on the surface are ice chest and heavier from hot H2O, due to less heat energy, therefore get down traveling down, this procedure continues until all H2O comes at same temperature. ( ouchma th, 2011 ) The cookery procedure is an unfastened system, because in this both affair and energy is lost. Harmonizing to zeroth jurisprudence of thermodynamics energy should be conserved, in our instance the energy lost by fire is used by pot to heat H2O and therefore the entire energy remains conserved. If we use pressure cooker it uses heated energy to convey self-generated alterations into nutrient by utilizing kinetic energy of molecules to convey chemical alterations in nutrient ; therefore fulfilling jurisprudence of thermodynamics that self-generated plants are done due to work energy. ( Lathbridge, 2013 ) Cuting fruits and veggies When we cut fruit and vegetable, we neer realize that natural philosophies could be involved in this simple undertaking, but, certainly it is. In order to cut anything, we have to exercise force per unit area on knife. When we increase the force per unit area we can cut an object easy. Pressure is dependent on force and country i.e straight dependent on force and reciprocally dependent on country. In simple footings we can state that when we exert more force we can cut an object easy, but, if same force is applied with a knife with thicker borders, we can non it. From experiences we learn that the knives which have borders with smaller surface country can assist to cut an object easy. Similarly, we can cut easy with a sharper knife than blunt. The blunt knife offers more clash, due to its unsmooth borders ; therefore doing it hard to cut an object. Sing Our eyes are an unbelievable gift by God. We see admirations of the universe, by this little organ. When we talk about parts of organic structure and their map, it is the general construct that we are speaking about biological science. But, we neglect the fact that maps of our organic structure parts are besides working under the Torahs of natural philosophies and chemical science. If we talk about the sense of seeing, we come to cognize that our eyes work as a camera to see things around us. The lens in our eyes is bulging i.e it converges or focuses visible radiation. When light enters our oculus, cornea and lens focus the visible radiation. Iris controls the sum of light come ining the oculus and flag creates an image on retina, which is existent and upside-down i.e like in camera. The image of visible radiation is converted into electrical signal, by photoreceptors, and sent to vision Centre of encephalon by ocular nervus. The vision centre analyses the electric signal and arrang es it into its original signifier i.e to be seen by oculus. The image we can see is due to the sum of visible radiation reflected from that object. This is the ground why we can non see in dark. ( Edmondson, 2005 ) Eyes can comprehend different forms and colourss of the objects. Light consists of seven colourss, when it falls on an object say, book of colour ruddy, it absorbs all the colourss and reflect ruddy colour. This helps us to construe that the screen of this book is ruddy. When light falls a white object so it reflects all the colourss and that’s why it seems white ( we besides regard light as white visible radiation ) . Similarly, when visible radiation falls on black object it absorbs all the light and reflects nil that’s why that object looks black. ( Pappas, 2010 ) Opening and shutting door Physicss is besides involved in gap and shutting of hinged doors. The phenomenon involved in gap and shutting of door is torque. Torsion is the force required to swirl an object about an axis or fulcrum. When we open a door by utilizing the grip, at farthest topographic point from flexible joint, we can easy open the door by bring forthing torsion, ? ®=F*l wickedness ?Y , where cubic decimeter is the distance of flexible joint from door boss or grip. ( Lesson 27a: Torsion ( AP Merely ) , 2013 ) If the boss is located near the flexible joint, we have to exercise more torsion, therefore bring forthing less angular acceleration. When we apply force perpendicular to the door, larger angular acceleration is produced. When we apply force on the door boss, oblige the door to revolve on its axis therefore moving on the rule of torsion. Torque is positive when we open the door clockwise and negative if we open it anticlockwise. ( Broholom, 1997 ) Decision Here, we have seen a limited illustration of natural philosophies, but over life is governed by this subdivision of scientific discipline. Physicss governs a batch of natural phenomenon and besides specify a figure of adult male made things like autos, iceboxs, microwave and escalators. Hence, we can state that our universe is ruled by natural philosophies. Plants Cited Broholom, C. ( 1997, October 20 ) .Opening a door.Retrieved from John Hopkins University: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pha.jhu.edu/~broholm/l18/node3.html Edmondson, R. ( 2005, November 11 ) .How are we able to see things?Retrieved from MyUniversalFacts: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.myuniversalfacts.com/2005/11/how-are-we-able-to-see-things.html Kunzig, R. ( 2001 ) . The Physics of Walking.DISCOVER Vol. 22 No. 07. Lathbridge, A. ( 2013, June 06 ) .Thermodynamicss of Cooking.Retrieved from Science menu: hypertext transfer protocol: //sciencefare.org/2013/06/26/thermodynamics-of-cooking/ Lesson 27a: Torsion ( AP Merely ) .( 2013, March 12 ) . Retrieved from studyphysics.ca: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.studyphysics.ca/2007/20/ap_torque/27_ap_a_torque.pdf ouchmath. ( 2011, January 25 ) .THE PHYSICS OF Cooking. Retrieved from OUCH MATH: hypertext transfer protocol: //ouchmath.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/the-physics-of-cooking/ Pappas, t. ( 2010, April 29 ) .How Do We See in Color?Retrieved from Live Science: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.html Patricia Ann Kramer, A. D. ( 2011 ) . The Energetic Cost of Walking: A Comparison of Predictive Methods.PLoS ONE, 6 ( 6 ), Department of the Interior: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021290.

Religious Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religious Studies - Essay Example Religious Definition by Steve Bruce: In his book â€Å"God is Dead: Secularization in the West†, 2002, Steve Bruce defines religion as â€Å" beliefs, actions and institutions predicated on the existence of entities with power of agency (that is gods) or impersonal powers or processes possessed of moral purpose (the Hindu notion of Karma), which can set the conditions of, or intervene in human affairs†. Comparison of the Definitions: My definition starts with the element of sharing, whereas in the definition of Steve Bruce there is no element of sharing. From the perspective of individuality and extreme secularization the element of sharing in my definition is a weakness. It makes it necessary that religion is not individualistic, but a shared activity of a group. From my perspective I do not find this a weakness. Social living is an essential part of human existence. Social interaction and society developed from sharing of common factors that bound a group of humans together, which included religion. With time, in more advanced societies tolerance of members with belief in other religions became a norm and so no longer was it necessary that all members of a society or community shared the same religion. Still religion is shared and is not an individualistic belief and action, as even Steve Bruce makes institutions a necessary part of religion. In my definition religion needs to answer the purpose of existence and having served this purpose to the satisfaction of the almighty, what happens after death.

Social Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Problems - Essay Example In this way, the competing views of societal understanding as compared to medical science can be understood as a function of how they share vastly different views on the same topic. Of course, prior to beginning an analysis of how the medical community, evidenced by this particular article, views drug addiction, it is necessary to point out that neither science nor society behave as a singular entity. What is meant by this is that although prevailing views exist within each group, neither one can be categorically defined as all believing a certain way with reference to a certain issue. In this way, the views and opinions that will be discussed within this brief analysis will be from the point of view that the author has interpreted the majority of society and the medical/scientific community to espouse these views. Obviously, this means that there are elements of both groups that do not subscribe to these prevailing theories or their derivatives. Firstly, it should be understood that the prevailing view in society is that drug use and abuse is something that afflicts â€Å"weak† individuals; or those that simply cannot â€Å"say no to drugs†. In this way, a theory develops in which society views the entire drug use/abuse dynamic in a way that simply dismisses the issue as something that can be defined by an overall lack of willpower. This lack of willpower is further illustrated, so they believe, by the fact that not only could the drug user have the moral fiber to resist the drug in the first place, they additionally cannot find within themselves the courage and perseverance to put the drug away once they are hooked on it. This failure to understand the chemical dependencies that help to define drug abuse for the tens of thousands of individuals who suffer from this on a daily basis is quite an oversight. Although

Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Social Psychology - Essay Example Social psychology is a â€Å" scientific study of the effects of social and cognitive processes on the way individuals perceive, influence and relate to others† (Smith & Mackie, 2000, p. 3). Different psychologists have tried to explain the impact of society on human being. However, Floyd Allport believed that society does not influence the thinking of human being. Floyd Allport said that , â€Å"the individual in the crowd behaves just as he would behave alone, only more so†, as according to him, human being’s behavior in the society is a result of his own thinking, feelings, perception and nature and not the result of society’s influence on him (Allport & Wozniak, 1994, p.295). What Allport suggests is that all the aspects of human behavior and human nature like self identity, attitude, prejudice, discrimination, performance, self image etc. are results of his own thinking and what he makes out of that thinking. His own thinking pattern and the perception of the social behavior makes him to form a picture of the society. Hence, the aspects of behavior pattern which we think are shaped by the society are in fact shaped by man’s own thinking and feelings. According to Allport (1954), discrimination is the extension of behavior and it makes person use behavioral elements like harsh words, exclusion, avoidance and also physical attack (Lott & Maluso, 1995, p.4). Hence, it can be said that the behavior pattern of prejudice and the discrimination that man practices against people belonging to certain race, class or skin color is not a result of social influence but is a result of his own belief and thinking. The question is, even if

Developing a Nursery That Meets the Needs of a Child

Developing a Nursery That Meets the Needs of a Child Foundations to Psychology This essay will look into how the designs of nurseries, in light of relevant research will contribute to meeting the cognitive, social, emotional and physical needs of children aged three to five years old. The aim of this essay will be to provide a range of activities that nurseries could in cooperate into their timetable to meet these needs. Cognitive The key elements of the cognitive theory is to try and explain the method and processes by which an infant, and then a child will develop into an adult, who can think and reason using hypotheses (simplypsychology.2009.) Cognition consists of the development of perception, attention, language, memory and thinking. As children develop they acquire the cognitive structures that stay with them throughout their lives. Psychologist Jean Piaget viewed cognitive development as maturational process which focuses on childrens interactions with the physical word, and how they view it in their mind. He suggested that children think differently than adults and that they actively try to explore and make an understanding of the world. (simplypsychology, ND.) There are four stages to Piagets cognitive theory, but the one that is most relevant to a nursery caring for three to five year olds is the preoperational stage. This is the idea that children cannot conserve because they like to please people (psychologyabout,  ND.) To test if children were egocentric, Piaget used the three mountain tasks, where children were shown a mountain that had snow on it and a hut on the other side, they were then asked what could be seen from a different perspective (simplypsychology,  ND.) A child of age three to five is beginning to think with numbers and symbols and develop memory strategies. An activity relevant to developing this would be placing counters in front of a child and asking them how many counters they have, this is encouraging them to think logically. Piaget believed that each child moves from stage to stage at their own pace, and that in the classroom you have to look at what stage each child is, to move them forward. So ones who are at a further stage would be able to do more complicated counting tasks. Another activity would be mouse trap, children would have to work together to keep the mouse from being trapped, making the children having to see someone elses point of view and developing their inability to conserve according to Piaget. (littlechildren,  ND.) Lev Vygotskys theory for cognitive development relies on the zone of proximal development. The three different levels are what I cant do, what I can do with help and what I can do. This is known as Vygotskys scaffolding theory and it was to try and explain that social interaction is important for cognitive development. (simplypsychology,  2007.) Vygotsky suggested that having interaction with older people would be an effective way to develop skills. So nurseries could pair up a five year old child with a three year old child and they could work together to complete a puzzle, this would give the three year old the help from an older peer which could help them to complete the puzzle on their own eventually (simplypsychology,  2007.) Piagets contributions to cognitive development in children are not flawless. Piaget didnt take into account who he was talking to, children of that age like to say whatever would please someone, so if a child is asked what is two add two, the child will answer four, but then if they are asked now what is two add two the child will think that they have answered the question incorrectly and will give a different answer. Physical The key elements of physical development in children is the physical maturation of an individuals body up until it reaches the adult stage. A childs physical and measurable growth such as weight and height are taking place. Physical development concerns the development of our bodys structure and processes during life and how these developments help of hold back how we think and behave socially and emotionally. Everyone develops physically at roughly the same age but the physical changes that occur may vary from one person to another. (psychologyabout,  ND.) According to theorist Mary Sheridan, at three years old, a child will be able to walk up the stairs, cut with scissors and turn while running and pulling toys, so they are able to multi task. At four years old, a child can turn sharp corners, they can run, push and pull, and they can hop and climb. Then at five years old, they can skip and dance and hop (childdevelopmentchart,  2013.) Sheridan also suggests that in terms of other physical developments a child of aged three to five years would be able to give their name and address, they can help with dressing themselves, use their fork and spoon, be able to draw a person and be able to speak roughly 1500 words. (childdevelopmentchart,  2013.) Sheridan says that children between aged three and five should be able to draw figures, so nurseries could cater for this type of physical development by having art sessions where children can draw or paint family portraits. This would also improve their fine motor skills such as fingers and hands. Another theorist Arnold Gesell identified the importance of the role of nature and heredity in childrens development. There is a psychology debate about whether our nature (biological heritage ) or our nurture (the environment we are brought up in.) Gesell believed that a timetable could be used to outline the developmental growth of every child. (ehow,  ND.) Gesell indentified the typical behaviours of children through their childhood. He categorized these behaviours into different areas which he called the gradients of growth. The ones that would be mostly used at a nursery would personal hygiene, motor characteristics, school life and play and pastimes. (education,  ND.) In terms of physical activities to help a childs development and to help work on their gross motor skills (arms and legs,) nurseries could provide a playtime, where children have the chance to interact with each other, play games and have a run around. This would be part of the play and pastimes section on Gesells timetable. (developmentalpsychology,  ND.) Gesells theory of development has been accepted as it is still used today, however there are criticisms of his theory because his timetable only went up to the ages of five, so there is no developmental stages for the childhood beyond that age (ehow,  ND.) Emotional Emotional development is how an individual develops emotional competence, for example how they deal with emotions and how their identities develop. For a child, hints of their personalities will start to show, so if they are upset of angry they may kick and scream as a way of dealing with that emotion. How a child is treated and their relationships contribute to their emotional development. Psychologist Wolcott believed that if a child brings in a toy that reminds them of home and their mother they will still have this attachment. This toy would be the mother substitute because they are recognising it as something from being at home. So if the child became upset from missing home which children tend to do when they are going to nursery for the first time, they have something to remind them of home. (psychologytoday,  ND.) A more interactive activity that would strengthen a childs emotional development would be a persona doll. A persona doll is a puppet and could be used at nurseries to put on a show where different situations are created and the children would be asked how they would feel if such a situation happened to them. This would help a child to understand emotions and how they might feel. (personadolltraining,  ND.) Michael Rutter believed that you have to have a mother or a mother substitute in the first five years of life. Rutter conducted a study on children at an orphanage of whom had suffered emotional deprivation. He looked at adopted children and how when they were adopted into families their weight and their IQs had improved dramatically (pbworks,  ND.) Michael concluded that if a child doesnt develop an emotional attachment this is privation whereas deprivation is the loss of an attachment. (simplypsychology,  ND.) John Bowlbys attachment theory looked at the attachment relationship between parents and their children. Bowlby believed that if an infant was unable to develop a warm relationship with their mother, the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people (bowlbyattachmenttheory,  ND.) Bowlby was convinced that the mother and baby bond was formed on a biological basis and that the baby is born with the need to form their bond and the mother has the instinct to form this bond. Bowlby suggested that a child would form only one attachment, normally their mother and this figure would act as their secure base when they explore the world. This one attachment acts as a starting relationship for future relationships that the child may have. (simplypsychology,  ND.) In light of what Bowlby and Rutter say about the importance of having the mother of the mother substitute, nurseries could assign carers or teaching assistants to groups of children or to each child if there is enough. Bowlby in particular said that consistency is important, so by assigning a carer to each child, there would be the mother substitute always there for that child. (littlechildren,  ND.) The implications of Bowlbys theory are that he suggested that the mother should be the constant carer therefore implying that the mother should not go out to work as she should be at home looking after the children and keeping this consistent bond (simplypsychology,  ND.) Social The key element of social development is socialisation, how individuals develop social abilities by building relationships and how they form friendships. For a child they will develop same sex relationships known as vertical relationships, and they will form friendships by playing with other children. Social development looks into our moral development, groups and peer group influences. Theorist Erik Erikson developed the psychosocial theory. Erikson had eight development stages, but the one that applies to a child of aged three to five is initiative vs guilt, this is where children start to understand purpose and the meaning of different things (currentnursing,  ND.) During the initiative vs guilt stage, conscience and imagination develops, children begin to understand what people expect of them whether it be at home or at school. Children can begin to assert some kind of power and control through direction of play which can include fantasies. (childdevelopmentchart,  2013.) The best way to in cooperate Eriksons psychosocial theory would be with indoor activities. At a certain time of day at a nursery, children could have the chance to have a play time indoors where there are sandpits, a play kitchen and a play house. The children would be in groups and they would rotate so that they could have the chance to play with each thing. This would give the children a chance to interact with each other and use their imagination to play restaurants or mummys and daddys with the play house or kitchen (jubed,  ND.) Albert Banduras social learning theory emphasized the importance of observing behaviour. Most human behaviour is learned through modelling by observation. The social learning theory explains that human behaviour is interaction of different influences; behavioural and environmental. Bandura believed that an individual is more likely to adopt behaviour if it results in outcomes that are valuable to them. (instructionaldesign.ND.) Banduras theory is supported by the bobo doll experiment. Children observed an adult attacking a bobo doll to try and knock it down, the children then imitated this behaviour (simplypsychology,  ND.) When meeting childrens social needs in light of Banduras experiment on the bobo doll in which behaviours are learned, a nursery would ensure that children behave correctly, and that no violent or aggressive behaviour is tolerated. Also children would learn to put their hand up when they want to speak. This way they are learning how to behave when they are at school. Criticisms of the social learning theory are that they rejecting the differences in individuals such as genetics, brain and learning differences which could affect how they perceive and respond to behaviour. With the bobo doll experiment, critics have argued against saying that children manipulated into responding to the attack on the doll. Children were further teased because they could not knock the doll down (criminology,  ND.) This is the way to go about creating a nursery that would meet the cognitive, social, emotional and physical needs of children aged three to five years old. There is a lot of evidence from doing experiments such as Piagets three mountains experiments and observations like Rutters orphanage study that supports the theorists and their theories, therefore strengthening the ideas on how a child develops in each criteria. Essentially every child develops differently and at a different pace, but looking collectively at children aged three to five years, there are certain activities that nurseries could use to help children thrive emotionally, socially, physically and cognitively. Reference List bowlbyattachmenttheory.(ND). Retrieved from http://explorable.com/bowlby-attachment-theory instructional design. (ND). Retrieved from http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-development.html childdevelopmentchart.(2013). Retrieved from http://pgcegroup3.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/child-development-chart.pdf psychologyabout.(ND). Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/ss/early-childhood-development_2.htm jubed.(ND). Retrieved from http://www.jubed.com/youth_ministry/view/Animal-Farm/?s=106 simplypsychology.(ND). Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html simplypsychology.(2009). Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html developmentalpsychology.(ND). Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/ss/early-childhood-development_2.htm littlechildren.(ND). Retrieved from http://littlechildren.wordpress.com/2007/11/29/cognitive-development-activities-for-3-to-5-year-olds/ irrpublic.(ND). Retrieved from http://lrrpublic.cli.det.nsw.edu.au/lrrSecure/Sites/LRRView/7401/documents/theories_outline.pdf simplypsychology.(2007). Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html pbworks.(ND). Retrieved from http://as-psychology.pbworks.com/w/page/9174253/DeprivationPrivation currentnursing.(ND). Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/theory_of_psychosocial_development.html psychologytoday.(ND). Retrieved from http://therapists.psychologytoday.com/rms/state/VT/Wolcott.html personadolltraining.(ND). Retrieved from http://www.persona-doll-training.org/ukhome.html education.(ND). Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/arnold-gesell-child-learning-development-theory/ ehow.(ND). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8593772_criticisms-gesells-maturation-theory.html childdevelopmentchart.(2013). Retrieved from http://pgcegroup3.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/child-development-chart.pdf criminology.(ND). Retrieved from http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/bandura.htm

The Importance of Each Decision in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Es

The Importance of Each Decision in The Road Not Taken "Two roads diverged in a wood, and I -- / I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference." Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken" is a lyrical poem about the decisions that one must make in life. When a man approaches a fork in the road on which he is traveling, he must choose which path to take. The choice that he makes, as with any choices made in life, affects him in a way that "has made all the difference . Thematically, the poem argues that no matter how small a decision is, that decision will affect a person's life forever. "The Road Not Taken" is told as a first-person narrative. The narrator is looking back on the decisions that have affected him. The decision that is illustrated in the poem occurred at a much earlier point in the narrator's life. It would be possible for a reader to be drawn into the poem to such a degree that the reader would become the narrator. Everyone has made decisions, and since it is the purpose of this poem to discuss and address those decisions, it would be easy to look beyond the narrator and see oneself. The word choice used in the poem very effectively portrays the speaker. The language used is very simple, almost as if the narrator is not speaking, but thinking, for the language of thoughts tends to be simple without using words that require a dictionary to define. The simple, almost quiet and seducing tone acts to draw the reader into the poem allowing the reader to become the narrator. Throughout the poem, Frost uses images that could be interpreted as either quite simple and very specific or incredibly involved and extremely general. For example, by interpreting images such as "Two roads... in a yello... ...ming lines do not necessarily contain the same number of syllables. This choice by Frost pulls the reader into the poem, but maintains the thought-like atmosphere as the narrator looks back unto his life at the decisions that he made and their results. In his perhaps best known poem, Frost recognizes something that everyone should realize. The simple picture of a man deciding which path to follow is suddenly changed into a description of life by the mastery of Frost's poetic hand. No matter how small a decision appears to be at the time that it is made, that decision will affect a person's life forever, or as Frost puts it, each and every choice will make "all the difference." Work Cited Frost, Robert. "The Road Not Taken." The North Introduction To Literature. 6th ed. Eds. Carl E.Bain, Jerome Beaty, and J. Paul Hunter. New York: W.W Norton, 1995. 1097.

European Government and Politics Essay

The three forms of government that will be examined in this paper include broadly, the Parliamentary system and the Presidential systems existing in Britain, France and Germany. Any comparative study of governing institutions involves an understanding of the governing institutions prevailing in different countries. All governmental institutions comprise a Legislature, an Executive and a Judiciary. Differences between governmental institutions primarily lie in how these three organs of government are related to each other and the extent of their functions. Traditionally, Britain consists of a parliamentary form of government. A parliamentary government is one where the most important and powerful office belongs to the prime minister. In this form of government, the legislature and the executive arms of the government are closely related, with the executive being involved in the working of the legislature and the executive being formed out of the legislature. In Britain, the legislature comprises the two houses of government, that is, the House of Lords (the upper house) and the House of Commons (the lower house). The House of Lords is a non-elective body and consists of both hereditary and life members who are called ‘Peers’. The strength of the House of Lords is over 900 members and a quorum of 30 members is the minimum for conducting proceedings in the House. The House of Commons comprises the elected representatives of the country. Since Britain has a bi-party system, members of the legislature mainly come from the two major parties, namely, the Labour and the Conservative. Elections for forming the government are held every five years and the party that secures a majority of votes polled forms the government with the leader of the party assuming the post of prime minister. It falls upon the prime minister to form the executive and he appoints his ministers and Cabinet members with the approval of the British Monarch. While the monarch and the prime minister together form the executive in Britain, the monarch is the constitutional head of the government and his powers are mostly ceremonial. It is the prime minister who is the real head of the government. However, there is a close collaboration between the prime minister and the monarch with the prime minister having to meet with the monarch and discuss matters relating to the running of the government. The House of Commons is more powerful than the House of Lords and money bills can be initiated only in the House of Commons, thus the lower chamber of parliament controls the purse of the government. The judiciary is the third organ of government. In the United Kingdom, there is no single judicial system and the judiciary of Britain consists of the judiciary of England and Wales. The House of Lords is the highest court of appeals both in civil and criminal cases. Since Britain does not have a written constitution, there is an absence of the system of ‘judicial review’ which enables the judiciary to act as the interpreter and guardian of the constitution. The courts in England therefore cannot decide on the merit of any law passed by the parliament. An important feature of the judicial system in Britain is ‘rule of law’ which implies that every person is governed by the same law, punishment is meted out only if a breach of law has been committed and the law protects the freedom and rights of the person. The British courts use three types of laws – the Cannon law, the Statutory law and the law of Equity. The judiciary functions on the basis of a jury system and open trial. Germany : In Germany, which is a Federal Parliamentary Democratic Republic, the parliamentary system of government prevails. In contrast to the two forms of governmental systems discussed above, Germany has a multi-party system unlike Britain and similar to that existing in France. In other words, while the political system in Britain is dominated by two major parties, in Germany there are several parties that contest elections. Among these the two main parties are the Socialist Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Union. The other parties such as the Alliance 90 or the Greens, the Free Democratic Party and Delinke support the SPD or the CDU. Another important characteristic is that in Germany, coalition politics has dominated and the SDP and CDU, despite being dominant, have failed to secure a complete majority in the elections. Therefore the other parties have systematically supported either the SDP or the CDU in forming the government. The constitutional framework adopted in 1949 known as the Grundgesetz, or the basic law, has been in effect even after 1990. The executive in Germany is comprised of the Chancellor who is equivalent to a prime minister and holds office for a period of four years and the President who holds office for a period of five years. The Chancellor is the head of the government while the President is the head of the state. Like a parliamentary system, the executive functions in close collaboration with the legislature. The legislature in germany consists of the Federal Diet or the Bundestag and the Federal Council or the Bundesrat. The Bundestag is a directly elected body through the system of proportional representation. The Bundesrat consists of the representatives of the 16 federal states who are also members of the state Cabinet. The Bundestag has the power to remove the Chancellor by passing a motion of no-confidence. The judiciary in Germany is independent of both the executive and the legislature and follows the concept of Judicial Review. Almost all state actions are therefore subject to interpretation by the courts. In Germany, a complex and hierarchical system of appeals exists with separate branches dealing with administrative, taxation, labour and security aspects. In addition, there exists a Constitutional Court which handles violation of constitutional rights after the regular appeals system has been exhausted. France : Arguably, France is the seat of modern democracy following the French Revolutions of 1789. Like Germany, politics in France in its present form is of recent origin from 1958 to the Fifth Republic. While the government in Britain and Germany is Prime Ministerial, the French government is semi-Presidential. In effect the executive arm of the government consists of two heads of government where the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is head of government. On the other hand, unlike in Britain and very much similar to Germany, France has a pluralist and multi-party system of politics. The French Presidency is the oldest in Europe. France has had five Republics and the powers and functions of the President has varied in these five Republics. Parliamentary system of government was in order in the Third and Fourth Republics which made the presidential office a nominal one, where as in the Fifth Republic, the President has been vested with more powers. Thus, although there exist two heads of government, the President is more powerful in comparison to the prime minister unlike in a parliamentary system. In addition, where as previously the Presidential tenure was seven years,, it has been cut down to five years. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party or coalition and can be appointed by the president indefinitely. He has no fixed tenure. The prime minister forms and heads the Council of Ministers whose sessions, in turn are chaired by the president. The legislature consists of the National Assembly which is the lower house and represents single-member constituencies and the Senate which is the upper house and represents mainland France and its 13 overseas territories. The lower house is in charge of conducting the daily proceedings of the government while the Senate looks after constitutional and foreign matters. The judiciary in France is composed of a two-tier system, one relating to the judicial branch dealing with civil and criminal law and the other relating to the administrative branch. France has a written constitution and therefore laws can only be interpreted by the judiciary in accordance with the process of judicial review. The Cour de Cassation is the highest court of appeals which is headed by six chief judges appointed by the president. All judicial appointments to the Supreme Court are appointments for life and all former French presidents are de jure members of the Constitutional Court. In conclusion, it can be said that the merits of the presidential system involving a fixed tenure and separation of powers and more important than a parliamentary system. Similarly, a multi-party system offers more representation and accountability than a bi-party system. Refernces Curtis, Michael & Ammendola, Guiseppe. (2002) Western European Government and Politics. Longman.

Saint Nick in France - a French Story with Translation

Saint Nick in France - a French Story with Translation Click here to access the story about the French Santa in French only. Click here to see how to best use my learn French in context stories. French Christmas Markets - Les Marchà ©s de Noà «l en France Camille est en voyage en Alsace, au nord-est de la France. Elle se promà ¨ne avec son amie Annie dans limmense marchà © de Noà «l de Strasbourg, ouvert de la fin du mois de novembre la fin du mois de dà ©cembre.Camille is traveling to Alsace, in the North-West of France. She is talking a walk with her friend Annie in the huge Christmas market of Strasbourg, opened from the end of November to the end of December. CamilleJadore lambiance de ces marchà ©s de Noà «l : tous ces petits chalets en bois, les dà ©corations de Noà «l, lodeur du vin chaud et des marrons grillà ©s†¦Ã‚  I love the ambiance of these Christmas markets: all these little wooden shacks, the Christmas decorations, the smell of hot wine and grilled chestnuts... AnnieOui, cest trà ¨s typique de la rà ©gion. Bien que ce soit une tradition qui sexporte maintenant dans le reste de la France : il y a maintenant plusieurs marchà © de Noà «l Paris.Yes, its quite typical of the region. Although its a tradition that is now being exported to the rest of France: there are now several Christmas markets in Paris. CamilleOui, il y en a un à ©norme sur lavenue des Champs-Elysà ©es, qui attire beaucoup de touristes.Mais, Annie, je dois te demander ; je vois partout ce personnage avec une grande barbe, mais    avec un drà ´le de chapeau avec une croix chrà ©tienne dessus. Cest un pà ¨re Noà «l alsacien ?Yes, there is a huge one on the Champs-Elysà ©es, which attracts many tourists. But Annie, I have to ask you; I see this character with a big beard everywhere, but with a strange hat with a Christian cross on it. Is he an Alsatian Santa? Saint Nick, Father Flog and Other Christmas Traditions in France Annie Presque ! Cest Saint Nicolas. Un personnage trà ¨s important chez nous, mais aussi en Lorraine, et dans beaucoup de pays de lest de lEurope : lAllemagne, la Suisse, le Luxembourg, la Belgique, les Pays-Bas, la Russie, la Pologne, l’Autriche†¦Dans La nuit du 5 au 6 dà ©cembre, Saint Nicolas passe dans les maisons pour apporter aux enfants sages des friandises (fruits secs, mandarines, gà ¢teaux, bonbons, chocolats et surtout de grands pain dà ©pices). Il porte une longue barbe blanche, une mitre et une crosse et un long manteau, souvent rouge. Il est accompagnà © du pà ¨re Fouettard : cest lopposà © de saint Nicolas. Daspect horrible et menaà §ant, il tient une verge pour fouetter les enfants mà ©chants...Almost! Its Saint Nicholas. He is a very important character in our region, but also in Lorraine, and in many Eastern European countries: Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, The Netherlands, Russia, Poland, Austria†¦On the eve of December 6th, Saint N ick stops by houses to bring goodies to nice children (dry fruits, nectarines, cookies, candies, chocolates and above all big gingerbreads). He wears a long white beard, a miter and a crosier and a long coat, often red. He is accompanied by Father Flog: he is the opposite of Saint Nick. Looking terrible and menacing, he holds a whip to flog naughty children. CamilleCest un personnage rà ©el ?  Hes a real person? AnnieOui, Saint Nicolas de Myre, un à ©và ªque nà © en Turquie entre 250 et 270. Cà ©tait un à ©và ªque bienveillant, qui protà ©geait les veuves, les enfants et les personnes faibles. Pendant les Croisades, une relique de Saint Nicholas a à ©tà © rapportà © en France, et il est devenu le saint patron de la Lorraine. La là ©gende dit que Saint Nicolas a ressuscità © trois enfants tuà ©s par un boucher.Yes, Saint Nicolas from Myre was a bishop born in Turkey between 250 and 270. He was a benevolent bishop who protected widows, children and the weak. During the Crusades, a relic of Saint Nicholas was brought back to France, and he became the main saint of the Lorraine region. Legend says that Saint Nicholas brought back to life three children murdered by a butcher. Saint Nicks Story Continues on Page 2 French Santa Saint Nick Saint Nicolas - Continues from page 1 CamilleEt pourquoi ressemble-t-il tellement au pà ¨re Noà «l ?  And why does he look so much like Santa? AnnieCest le pà ¨re Noà «l qui lui ressemble ! Importà © aux États-Unis par les Hollandais, Saint Nicolas devient Sinterklaas, Santa Claus en anglais. En 1822, Clement Moore à ©crit le conte A visit From Saint Nicholas, aussi connu sous le nom de The Night Before Christmas. Saint Nicholas est maintenant Santa. Il a perdu ses attributs religieux, et au milieu du 19à ¨me sià ¨cle, le dessinateur amà ©ricain Thomas Nast lui donne limage daujourdhui. Il a encore sa grande barbe blanche, est habillà © de rouge et de blanc. Son chariot est tirà © par des rennes, et il habite maintenant au pà ´le nord. En 1930 et 1950, Coca-Cola utilise cette image dans ses campagnes publicitaires, et voil, Saint Nicolas devenu Pà ¨re-Noà «l.Well, its Santa who looks like him! Imported in the States by the Dutch, Saint Nicolas became Sinterklaas, Santa Claus in English. In 1822, Clement Moore wrote the tale A Visit from Saint Nicholas, also known  as The Night Before Christmas. Saint Nick is now Santa. He lost his religious attire, and in the middle of the 19th century, the American artist Thomas Nast gave him the look we know today. His sleigh is pulled by reindeer, and he now lives in the North Pole. Between 1930 and 1950, Coca-Cola used his image in their ads, and there you go,   Saint Nicholas has become Father Christmas. CamilleEt bien quelle histoire. Bon, moi je vais acheter un Saint Nicolas en pain dà ©pice pour ma fille Leyla, elle adore à §a !Wow, what a story. Well, Im going to buy a gingerbread Saint Nick for my daughter Leyla, she loves gingerbread! Je mets tous les jours des petites leà §ons, des conseils et des photos sur mes pages Facebook, Twitter et Pinterest - venez m’y rejoindre!I post mini lessons, tips, pictures and more daily on my Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest  pages - join me there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchtoday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/ Jai à ©crit beaucoup darticles et dhistoires sur Noà «l en France :I wrote many articles about Christmas in France: -  Quest-ce que tu fais pour Noà «l? Dialogue en franà §ais facile-  Christmas in France Dialogue - French English Bilingual Easy Story- 7 Must Know Facts About Christmas in France Christmas Vocabulary-  Qui est Saint Nicolas ? Dialogue en Franà §ais Facile-  Meet the French Santa - French English Bilingual Easy Story-  8 Gift Ideas for Your Francophile Friends-  Petit Papa Noà «l - The Most Famous French Christmas Song (with a link to a video of my daughter singing it!)-  My enunciated recording of the Catholic mass prayers in French Joyeuses fà ªtes de fin dannà ©e ! Happy Holidays!

Violence In Society Essays - Domestic Violence, Abuse, Crime

Violence In Society Essays - Domestic Violence, Abuse, Crime Violence In Society Violence in Society The first reaction to hearing about the topic of battered men, people tend to think of it as being absolutely false or very uncommon. Battered husbands are a topic for jokes because people always assume that it is the women who are battered. One researcher noted that wives were the perpetrators in seventy-three percent of the depictions of domestic violence in newspaper comics. Battered husbands have historically been either ignored or subjected to ridicule and abuse. Even those of us who like to consider ourselves liberated and open-minded often have a difficult time even imagining that husband battering could take place. Although feminism has opened many of our eyes about the existence of domestic violence, the abuse of husbands is a rarely discussed phenomenon. One reason that husband battering is not investigated is that it is a rare occurrence. Another reason is that because women were seen as weaker and more helpless than men pertaining to sex roles, and men on the other hand were seen as more sturdy and self-reliant. The study of abused husbands is considered to be unimportant. In 1974, research was done to compare male and female domestic violence. In this study, it was found that forty seven percent of husbands had used physical violence on their wives, and thirty-three percent of wives had used violence on their husbands(Gelles 1974). Also in 1974, a study was released showing that the number of murders of women by men was about the same as the number of murders of men by women. Although it had finally been shown that there was violence being perpetrated both by wives and husbands, there was no evidence about the severity or who initiated the abuse and who is acting in self-defense. The idea of women being violent is a hard thing for many people to believe. It goes against the stereotype of the passive and helpless female. This, in spite of the fact that women are known to be more likely than men to commit child abuse and child murder. Laws about domestic violence is always orientated toward the female victim. Society states that it is the woman who suffer from abuse. These reasons explain why most abused men, no matter how capable they are of doing so, offer little or no resistance to their partners' physical violence. And many women, well aware of these fears, may actually continue their abuse, knowing they can get away with it. While battered men find few facilities or support, there are a variety of programs (many of which are run by feminist men's groups) to help abusive men deal more effectively with their violence. But for violent womenstrangely enoughno comparable treatment programs exist. This fact further illustrates a serious problem: society is simply unwillingor unableto acknowledge and deal with violent women.

Leading Global Workforce Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Leading Global Workforce - Case Study Example Currently Sarah and Josh are working on the promotions and branding of the next Fire Force Five film but their ideas and strategies regarding the work are extremely contrasting. When Sarah relies on traditional promotional strategies like TV ads and print campaign, Josh wants Sarah to adopt non-conventional approaches such as online promotion. For this, Josh approaches the company CEO directly without the consent of his departmental head Sarah and gets the permission to present his ideas in the next management meeting. Now Sarah is furious at the conduct of her young marketing colleague as she could not accept his disobedient behavior. While analyzing the case scenario, it seems that a combination of different factors has contributed to an unhealthy worksite relationship between Sarah and Josh. Mainly, the age difference between them and the different contexts in which they started their career have influenced their ideas and worksite behavior. To illustrate, Josh is a 23-year-old marketing associate who was graduated recently from the University of Southern California. Josh’s vision is to make films that communicate strong social messages –like Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth or Morgan Spurlock’s Super Size Me (Erickson, 2009, p.1). He also aims to distribute those films on open platforms so that he can convey his social messages to the greatest number of people. Josh believes that employing unconventional distribution and promotion channels is a potential strategy to implement the current project more effectively. Sarah, the 37-year-old marketing chief joined Rising Entertainment 10 y ears ago and she grew her career in the company from an entry-level copywriter, to marketing associate, to head of the 22-person film marketing unit (Erickson, p.3). Sarah had worked with all the three Triple-F movies that were released and generated more than $2.4 billion in box-office over the

Talk about four ways in which sound is connected or disconnected from Essay

Talk about four ways in which sound is connected or disconnected from image in The Conversation. For example, do they jar, comp - Essay Example The article will discuss several ways in which sound disconnects or connected from the image in â€Å"The Conversation† by Francis Ford Coppola. Introduction According to Cowie in his text â€Å"Picking up The Conversation,† Francis’ career in film making involves more than twenty-five films all through a forty-year career his acclaims as a film director attribute to his participation with â€Å"The Godfather† movies. Such a positive affiliation, indeed, has served Francis well all through the challenges in his career and diminished the effects of his essential work. In 1974, Coppola wrote and was a director of â€Å"The Conversation,† which is a scene that went immensely unnoticed because of the immediate release of The Godfather Part 2. Even though, both of the scenes contributed to the nomination of Oscar for Coppola, the triumph of The Godfather contributed to the fading of The Conversation into a level of under appreciation (Cowie, Picking up T he Conversation). Nevertheless, in Dec. 2000 Paramount Home Video produced a new DVD of The Conversation. This digital video will enhance the film lovers to praise and see it as it provides the right format for a scene. This is because the film producer invested in attracting not only the visual sense of the viewers, but also their attention. Francis Coppola hardly limited channeling his creative traits towards the scene because he reinvented the utilization of sound. Just the same as Robert Altman did four years ago with MASH, Coppola accomplished his story because of sound application. The utilization of sound by Coppola in the film The Conversation is an aspect that makes the scene a unique and provides the audience with a cinematic experience. The Conversation, although released initially in 1974, it was perfect timing because it was when people had little faith towards the political institutions. The scene addresses, in broad, the increasing sense of people’s mistrust to wards the political institutions. Through a creative and masterful sound use, Francis takes a significant advantage of suspicion and apprehension of the audience. Even though, the occupation of Coppola puts him in a high position, his technology use is a cause of skewed perception in relation to reality. While looking for truth in the midst of the conversation in the film, Coppola utilizes self-engineering modern technologies. The technologies aim at eradicating every intrusive noise that might affect the quality of the recording. However, the use of self-engineering technology did harm to the film because it eliminated the realness aspect of the film’s conversation. Harry directs his assistant to pay extra attention towards the recording and little attention to what the characters are talking about. This is similar to the distinction that people draw between listening and hearing. As Harry hears the words from the conversation, he hardly listens to what the words mean. It is not because of Harry’s personality or his achievements that made him a mark; rather it is the sophistication of sound that made his opponents. More so, through the audio maneuvering, â€Å"The Conversation† does not only narrate Harry Cauls’ story, but also the American story. â€Å"The Conversation† by Francis Ford Coppola The producer of â€Å"The Conversation† created sound track separately from images and was inclusive of three elements:

Public display of affection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public display of affection - Essay Example Lenny would see his sea turtle friends, Liam and Levon, kissing and showing affection to the Lady Leatherbacks without a single thread of emotion or care for who was around. And the next day he would see these same friends displaying affection with new Lady Leatherbacks. Lenny wanted nothing to do with this. Lenny thought that affection was personal and wanted to meet someone who shared the same thoughts. He searched and searched for many years. He grew larger and larger. He waited and he waited but he never seemed to find that special Lady Leatherback. Instead he always seemed to find Liam and Levon up to the same old tricks. Oh, how Lenny longed to meet someone like him. As Lenny grew older he decided that perhaps he should give up and began to realize that maybe he really was one in a million. He thought the chances of him finding his dream turtle were also 1 in a million. He crawled up on the shore and came to terms with his new realization. Minutes passed and as Lenny lay content in the sun he realized he was not alone. Within turtle tails reach was a Lady Leatherback. Lenny started a slow turtle conversation that has now lasted over 30 years. At the point in his life where Lenny became content with himself he found his lady leatherback and she found him. Though, to this day, there hasn’t been another turtle to verify their affection Lenny is now a proud father to 8 turtle children, 23 turtle grandchildren, 45 turtle great grandchildren, and 100 turtle great great grandchildren. And Lenny and his Lady Leatherback are as happy as

Liverpool one shopping development Essay Example for Free

Liverpool one shopping development Essay Liverpool’s CBD needed regeneration for a variety of reasons. During WW2, it was bombed heavily, due to it being a major port for resources from the USA. During the 1960s, it was rebuilt too quickly and then fell into disrepair before 2000, when the design and infrastructure was outdated. Many parts of the city, especially the CBD suffered from urban decline, with its population dropping by 50% and 45% of its industry also leaving. In addition, Liverpool faced competition for shopping by nearby Manchester and Chester, as well as out-of-town shopping centres like the Trafford Centre. Therefore, Liverpool’s CBD needed regeneration to be more attractive to consumers, and regain its spot in the top 5 shopping destinations in the UK. Liverpool One, the project to rejuvenate Liverpool’s CBD was completed in 2008. It was opened in phases on 29 May and 1 October 2008, with the final residential lots opening in early 2009. In the same year, Liverpool was named as the European Capital of Culture. Its total cost is approximately ? 1billion, with 42 acres of Liverpool city centre being redeveloped. It includes 3000 parking spaces, 169 stores or services, as well as a 5 acre park, and 500 new apartments. It also contains a 14-screen cinema and a 36-hole adventure golf centre. Shops present include Debenhams, John Lewis, Ted Baker, Waterstones, Starbucks, Topshop and Caffe Nero. These are all mainly comparison, high-order goods which are chain stores. The area is indoor, yet also mainly open-air. It is of a modern design, and is two storeys tall. There are many cafes and food areas, with many benches. There are also electronic maps and information panels across the centre. The pedestrian areas are wide and escalators are available to proceed to the higher floors. There have also been other improvements in the CBD, such as the rejuvenation of the Docks and the introduction of the Merseytram tram line in the CBD. As well as this, many roads and smaller streets in Liverpool have been rejuvenated and rebuilt as part of the redevelopments. Areas such as Princes Dock and the Kings Waterfront have seen heavy redevelopments. These have been to attract more tourists and shoppers to the CBD. The project has overall been successful as of yet, with 83% of consumers thinking that the city centre has improved. 91% of people said they were likely to return to Liverpool, and enjoyed the experience. And now, 40% of the shops in Liverpool One are new to the city, showing the popularity of the area. The previously redeveloped Albert Dock has been receiving an extra 100000 visitors per week, with Liverpool One itself receiving over 120000 visitors in the first day, and 13 million in the first year. It is safe the say the rejuvenation of Liverpool’s CBD has been a success, and that Liverpool One has played a big part in reversing the effect of urban decline.

Synthesis of Polyelectrolyte Pani Membrane

Synthesis of Polyelectrolyte Pani Membrane SYNTHESIS OF POLYELECTROLYTE PAni MEMBRANE BYÂ  PHASE INVERSION AND ITS CHARACTERIZATIONS NURUL IZZATI IZNI BT MAT YUSOFF INTRODUCTION During the last few decades, the application of membrane based separation is the leading technology as one of the alternatives used in separating and removal of organic solvents. Moreover, it holds a significant commercial impact in several areas including water and wastewater treatment, chemical, food industries, pharmaceuticals, petrochemical related industries and bioseparation areas (Javed Alam et al., 2012). However, membrane-based separation processes are comparatively new in the field of separation which makes current membranes have limitations that hinder their wide used in aggressive solvents. The situation has led many studies in order to develop this membrane-based technology. Amongst the new generation of intrinsically conducting polymer, polyaniline (PAni) membranes have captured the intense attention of scientific community and one of the promising candidates. PAni is a polymer which poorly soluble in almost all solvents and has been widely known due to its conductive properties. Most important, it is easy to synthesize this polymer and it has an interesting doping and dedoping characteristics. However, the high yield of PAni demands several essential conditions. In order to obtain a higher quality polymer product, highly pured monomers, chemicals and solvents are needed. Besides, a strict control on polymerization conditions are needed since the small variation in the polymerization conditions might alter the nature of the product (Sadia Ameen et al., 2011). From the previous study, there are many research have been done in order to produce a stable and useful PAni membrane in nanofiltration. Most of the researches focused on synthesize, membrane fabrication and doping/dedoping of PAni membrane. However, the study on PAni membrane can be expand more instead of those previous research. The stability and performance of PAni membrane on polyelectrolyte coating should be done to further this study. Polyelectrolyte is a macromolecular species that upon being placed in water or any other ionizing solvent dissociates into a highly charged polymeric molecule (Reza Derakhshandeh et al., 2010). One of the methods of polyelectrolyte coating is layer by layer (LBL) coating. LBL is the simplest process being used by most of the researcher. There are numerous advantages of this method compared to other methods for thin film fabrication. The unique advantages of the method are that, both organic and inorganic can be incorporated into LBL thin films bes ides offers easier preparation and durable (unknown, yr). PROBLEM STATEMENTS There are numerous number of membranes have been develop by researchers. However, membranes nowadays have fixed physical-chemical properties which make separation by membranes very limited to the fixed selectivity of their constituent. Therefore, new membrane materials must be explored to cope with these limiting factors. Next generation of filtration membranes must be more selective and robust which requires low chemical and energy input (Sajjad Sedaghat, 2014). These properties must be considered to meet goals in applications since current membranes often problematic in cost. Membranes basically can be prepared from ceramic and polymeric materials. There are many studies shown that ceramic materials have several advantages over polymeric materials. As example, membrane from ceramic materials is highly stable in terms of chemical and thermal stability. Unfortunately, the market share of polymeric membranes is far greater than ceramic membranes as the polymeric materials are easier to process and less expensive (Khulbe et al., 2008). Instead of those materials, there are also membranes from inorganic materials that have been successfully applied in dehydration of tetrahydrofuran (THF). However, to produce an inorganic membrane requires a high cost rather than polymeric membrane beside their system design is more complex (Chapman et al., 2007). Therefore, membrane from polymeric material is a suitable candidate for the research since it meets the desired criteria. PAni as a polymeric material has been widely researched due to its conductive properties. To date, although PAni has been applied to a number of applications but there are still some deficiency. For instance, PAni membranes which applied to chemically crosslinked swell in THF although it retained their structure while too much thermal crosslinking gave membranes with no fluxes in any solvents at all. Furthermore, unsupported PAni membranes shrank during the process of thermal crosslinking which causing some trouble for large scale membrane productions where certain amount of bending or curling is required (Loh et al., 2008). An alternative to thermal or chemical crosslinking would be polyelectrolyte coating to make them more stable. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are: To produce phase inversion PAni membrane from chemical polymerization of PAni in APS solution. To introduce polyelectrolyte onto the synthesized membrane. To characterize the membrane morphological, physical, chemical, electrical and filtration properties. LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY Chemicals All chemicals and reagents will be used are analytical grade. AnalaR aniline, ammonium persulfate (APS), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 4-methylpiperidine (4MP), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) poly(allylamine hydrochloric) (PAH), hydrochloride acid (HCL) and lithium chloride (LiCl) PAni synthesis by chemical polymerization To produce an Aniline solution, 37.25 g of 0.4 mol Aniline will be added into a beaker containing 400 mL of 1.0 M HCl. The mixture is well mix. In another beaker, APS solution will be prepared by adding 91.26 g of 0.4 mol APS into 256 mL of 1.0 M HCL. To prevent the mixture from freezing at -15 oC, add 66.8 g and 39.68 g of LiCl into both beakers respectively. After finish the preparation of both solutions, mix them in a conical flask. The conical flask then will be put in an incubator shaker at temperature -15 oC and continuously shake for 48 h. During this period, a reaction occur which polymer filter cake will be produced. After 48 h, filter and wash with 1.5 L DI water to remove any left-over reactants. To deprotonate the emaraldine salt to its base form, the filter cake then is being place in a beaker contain 250 mL ammonia solution (33% w/v) in a beaker and will be mix by using incubator shaker for 12 h at room temperature. Next, the filter cake will be filter and will be wash with 1 L DI water. To remove any low weight PAni oligomers and decrease time drying, the filter cake will be wash again with 500 mL methanol before being dry under vacuum for 24 h. After drying, the dry Emeralidine Base (EB) powder will be pass through a 160 Â µm mesh sieve to remove remaining clusters. Then, the EB powder will be stored under argon at 4 oC until required (Chapman et al., 2007). Membrane production by phase inversion PAni membrane will be produce by wet phase inversion method. First of all, 4MP and NMP will be mix in a beaker to make up the solvent. Then EB powder will be add using a funnel and mix at speed 300 rpm for 12 h. After 12 h mixing, dope the solution by adding maleic acids and mix at speed 150 rpm for 12 h. The solution will turn from dark blue to dark green to indicate that acid doping is taken place. The solution is then left to stand for 4 h to remove air bubble. Next, cast the solution on a nonwoven polyester support fabric and immediately immersed in DI water at room temperature for 24 h. During the 24 h, DI water will be change once after 12 h (Loh et al., 2008). Polyelectrolyte coating Polyelectrolyte coating of PAni membrane will be done by dipping the membrane into an anionic and cationic solution. Anionic solution will be used in this research is PAA while PAH is for cationic solution. To prepare anionic solution, PAA will be dissolve in DI water and 5 M HCl will be used to adjust the pH to 3.5. For cationic solution, PAH also will be dissolve in DI water but to adjust the pH solution to 3.5, 5 M NaOH will be used. Next, PAni membrane will be immerse in PAA solution for 10 min followed by two DI water rinses for 2 and 1 min respectively. The PAni membrane then will be immerse in PAH solution for 10 min followed by two DI water rinses for 2 and 1 min respectively. These complete the first bilayer of polyelectrolyte coating. For the next layer, the steps before will be repeated again which is starting from immersing in anionic solution and then cationic solution. After finish the process, the membrane need to be wash with ammonia and let it to fully dry before bei ng proceed with characterization (Jinhua Dai et al., 2005 unknown, yr). Characterization of PAni membrane Flow chart Stock and reagent solutions preparation PAni synthesis by chemical polymerization Characterization of EB powder by using GPC Membrane production and casting Polyelectrolyte coating Characterization Analysis GANTT CHART MILESTONE Table 7.1 : Milestone EXPECTED OUTCOMES/COMMERCIALIZATIONS REFERENCES Chapman, P., Loh, X.X., Livingston, A.G., Li, K., Oliveira, T.A.C. (2007). Polyaniline Membranes for The Dehydration of Tetrahydrofuran by Pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 309 (2008), pp. 102-111. Loh, X.X., Sairam, M., Bismarck, A., Steinke, J.H.G., Livingston, A.G., Li, K. (2008) Crosslinked Integrally Skinned Asymmetric Polyaniline Membranes for Use in Organic Solvents. Journal of Membrane Science, 326 (2009), pp. 635-642.