The Definition and Use of a Cross-Sectional Study

The Definition and Use of a Cross-Sectional Study Student Resources Print How Does the Cross-Sectional Research Method Work? Advantages and Challenges By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 16, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 10, 2019 More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand Cross-Sectional Studies Defining Characteristics Advantages Challenges Comparisons View All Back To Top A cross-sectional study involves looking at data from a population at one specific point in time. Verywell / Jessica Olah How and When Cross-Sectional Studies Are Used The participants in this type of study are selected based on particular variables of interest. Cross-sectional studies are often used in developmental psychology, but this method is also utilized in many other areas including social science and education. For example, researchers studying developmental psychology might select groups of people who are different ages but investigate them at one point in time. By doing this, any differences between the age groups can presumably be attributed to age differences rather than something that happened over time. Cross-sectional studies are observational in nature and are known as descriptive research, not causal or relational, meaning that you cant use them to determine the cause of something, such as a disease. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables. This type of research can be used to describe characteristics that exist in a community, but not to determine cause-and-effect relationships between different variables. This method is often used to make inferences about possible relationships or to gather preliminary data to support further research and experimentation. The Defining Characteristics of Cross-Sectional Studies Some of the key characteristics of a cross-sectional study include:?? The study takes place at a single point in timeIt does not involve manipulating variablesIt allows researchers to look at numerous characteristics at once (age, income, gender, etc.)Its often used to look at the prevailing characteristics in a given populationIt can provide information about what is happening in a current population Think of a cross-sectional study as a snapshot of a particular group of people at a given point in time. Unlike longitudinal studies that look at a group of people over an extended period, cross-sectional studies are used to describe what is happening at the present moment. This type of research is frequently used to determine the  prevailing characteristics in a population at a certain point in time. For example, a cross-sectional study might be used to determine if exposure to specific risk factors might correlate with particular outcomes. A researcher might collect cross-sectional data on past smoking habits and current diagnoses of lung cancer, for example. While this type of study cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect, it can provide a quick look at correlations that may exist at a particular point. For example, researchers may find that people who reported engaging in certain health behaviors were also more likely to be diagnosed with specific ailments. While a cross-sectional study cannot prove for certain that these behaviors caused the condition, such studies can point to a relationship worth investigating further. Advantages Some of the advantages of cross-sectional studies include: Theyre inexpensive and fast.  Cross-sectional studies are usually relatively inexpensive and allow researchers to collect a great deal of information quite quickly. Data is often obtained using self-report surveys and researchers are then able to amass large amounts of information from a large pool of participants.They allow different variables.  Researchers can collect data on some different variables to see how differences in sex, age, educational status, and income might correlate with the critical variable of interest.They pave the way for further study.  While cross-sectional studies cannot be used to determine causal relationships, they can provide a useful springboard to further research. When looking at a public health issue, such as whether a particular behavior might be linked to a particular illness, researchers might utilize a cross-sectional study to look for clues that will serve as a useful tool to guide further experimental studies. For example, researchers might be i nterested in learning how exercise influences cognitive health as people age. They might collect data from different age groups on how much exercise they get and how well they perform on cognitive tests. Performing such a study can give researchers clues about the types of exercise that might be the most beneficial to cognitive health and inspire further experimental research on the subject. Challenges Some of the potential challenges of cross-sectional studies include: Does not differentiate cause and effect: There are other variables that can affect the relationship between the inferred cause and outcomes.Cohort differences:  Groups can be affected by cohort differences that arise from the particular experiences of a unique group of people. Individuals born during the same period may share important historical experiences, but people in that group who are born in a given geographic region may share experiences limited solely to their physical location. Individuals who were alive during the invasion of Pearl Harbor, Vietnam, or 9/11 might have shared experiences that make them different from other age groups, for example.Report biases: Surveys or questionnaires about certain aspects of peoples lives may not always result in accurate reporting. Cross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal Studies This type of research differs from longitudinal studies in that cross-sectional studies are designed to look at a variable at a particular point in time. Longitudinal studies involve taking multiple measures over an extended period. As you might imagine, longitudinal studies tend to require more resources and are often more expensive than cross-sectional resources. They are also more likely to be influenced by what is known as selective attrition, which means that some individuals are simply more likely to drop out of a study than others, which can influence the validity of the study. One of the advantages of cross-sectional studies is that since data is collected all at once, its less likely that participants will quit the study before data is fully collected. A Word From Verywell Cross-sectional studies can be a useful research tool in many areas of health research. By learning more about what is going on in a specific population, researchers are better able to understand relationships that might exist between certain variables and develop further studies that explore these conditions in greater depth.

Nightie-Night, Sleep Tight Essay - 275 Words

Nightie-Night, Sleep Tight (Essay Sample) Content: [studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name][professorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name][course][date]Nightie-Night, Sleep Tight, Donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t Let The Bed Bugs Bite!It is official à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Type in the terms "bed bug" on Google and youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ll get more than 35 million hits, with 7 of the top 10 results from top medical websites, government health organizations and universities. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s how you know that the problem has recurred, and this time with a vengeance. For example, in a recently conducted research, it was discovered that 64% of all employees in a building in the United States was found to have been suffering from bed bug bites ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Baumblatt", "given" : "Jane A. Gwira", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Dunn", "given" : "John R.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : fa lse, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Schaffner", "given" : "William", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Moncayo", "given" : "Abelardo C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Jones", "given" : "Timothy F.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Environmental Health", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "8", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "16-18", "title" : "An Outbreak of Bed Bug Infestation in an Office Building", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "76" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=09abc3ad-d537-4453-b468-765d46163be9" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Baumblatt et al.)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }( Baumblatt et al.). Meanwhile, at least one pest control company claims that the growth of their business is due to the resurgence of bed bugs ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Orkin LLC", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Market Watch", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014", "1", "16" ] ] }, "title" : "Chicago Replaces Cincinnati as Orkin\u2019s Number One Bed Bug City", "type" : "article-newspaper" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=9994749f-7658-47d5-b25e-7c6b0e6c98e5" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Orkin LLC)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Orkin LLC). Perhaps the best proof of the resurgence of bed bugs is the 2012 joint statement released by the Environmental Protection Agen cy (EPA) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) which said, "the United States is [now] one of many countries experiencing an alarming resurgence in the population of bed bugs" ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "title" : "Joint Statement on Bed Bug Control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=7b2a068a-1ecc-445f-a237-fd670377234a" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/mast er/csl-citation.json" }(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). ÂSmall, flattened, wingless and rust colored ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Baumblatt", "given" : "Jane A. Gwira", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Dunn", "given" : "John R.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Schaffner", "given" : "William", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Moncayo", "given" : "Abelardo C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Jones", "given" : "Timothy F.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Environmental Health", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "8", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "16-18", "title" : "An Outbreak of Bed Bug Infestation in an Office Building", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "76" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=09abc3ad-d537-4453-b468-765d46163be9" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watkins", "given" : "J.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "British Journal Of School Nursing", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "10", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "page" : "479-480", "title" : "Identifying parasitic infestations part 2: From scabies to bed bugs", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "6" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=05135b51-fb53-4343-acca-d0fe6cf7a9e2" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Baumblatt et al.; Watkins)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/maste r/csl-citation.json" }(Baumblatt et al.; Watkins), the Cimex lectularius tend to spend much of their time hiding in dark crevices such as the fold of mattresses, under the sofa cushion, at the back of a headboard, behind wallpapers, and many others ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00033.x", "ISSN" : "1081-1710", "PMID" : "20618653", "abstract" : "A total of 54 bed bug-infested sites (hotels, public accommodations, and residential premises) in Malaysia and Singapore was surveyed between July, 2005 and December, 2008. Only one species of bed bug was found, the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius). Bed bug infestations were common in hotels and public accommodations when compared to residential premises. The three most common locations of infestation within an infested premise were the bedding (31.1%), the headboard (30.3%), and cracks and crevices surrounding the baseboard, wall, or floor (23.5%). We speculate that the route of movement of bed bugs in hotels and public accommodations is more direct than in residential premises.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "How", "given" : "Yee-Fatt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Lee", "given" : "Chow-Yang", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010", "6" ] ] }, "page" : "89-94", "title" : "Survey of bed bugs in infested premises in Malaysia and Singapore.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "35" }, "locator" : "92", "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=efaf8662-78b1-41db-b2f9-b48e8f7582ee" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "given" : "", "non-dropping-pa rticle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "title" : "Joint Statement on Bed Bug Control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=7b2a068a-1ecc-445f-a237-fd670377234a" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(How and Lee 92; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(How and Lee 92; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). They frequent areas where there are humans because they are attracted to body heat and exhaled carbon dioxide ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Huntington", "given" : "M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "The Journal Of Family Practice", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "7", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "page" : "384-388", "title" : "When bed bugs bite", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "61" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=fd08bb82-6bc5-4971-ace3-3a977b4367ab" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Huntington)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Huntington). Most people think that bed bugs are found only in dirty surroundings, but research shows that hygiene does not matter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ if a bed bug happens to ride in your luggage, you can expect to have bed bugs at home.The population of bed bugs dropped dramatically after World War II, thanks to synthetic, residual pesticides. In fact, bed bugs have become so uncommon it became very difficult to obtain species for medical study ADDIN CSL_CI TATION ... Nightie-Night, Sleep Tight Essay - 275 Words Nightie-Night, Sleep Tight (Essay Sample) Content: [studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name][professorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name][course][date]Nightie-Night, Sleep Tight, Donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t Let The Bed Bugs Bite!It is official à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Type in the terms "bed bug" on Google and youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ll get more than 35 million hits, with 7 of the top 10 results from top medical websites, government health organizations and universities. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s how you know that the problem has recurred, and this time with a vengeance. For example, in a recently conducted research, it was discovered that 64% of all employees in a building in the United States was found to have been suffering from bed bug bites ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Baumblatt", "given" : "Jane A. Gwira", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Dunn", "given" : "John R.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : fa lse, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Schaffner", "given" : "William", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Moncayo", "given" : "Abelardo C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Jones", "given" : "Timothy F.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Environmental Health", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "8", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "16-18", "title" : "An Outbreak of Bed Bug Infestation in an Office Building", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "76" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=09abc3ad-d537-4453-b468-765d46163be9" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Baumblatt et al.)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }( Baumblatt et al.). Meanwhile, at least one pest control company claims that the growth of their business is due to the resurgence of bed bugs ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Orkin LLC", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Market Watch", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014", "1", "16" ] ] }, "title" : "Chicago Replaces Cincinnati as Orkin\u2019s Number One Bed Bug City", "type" : "article-newspaper" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=9994749f-7658-47d5-b25e-7c6b0e6c98e5" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Orkin LLC)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Orkin LLC). Perhaps the best proof of the resurgence of bed bugs is the 2012 joint statement released by the Environmental Protection Agen cy (EPA) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) which said, "the United States is [now] one of many countries experiencing an alarming resurgence in the population of bed bugs" ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "title" : "Joint Statement on Bed Bug Control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=7b2a068a-1ecc-445f-a237-fd670377234a" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/mast er/csl-citation.json" }(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). ÂSmall, flattened, wingless and rust colored ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Baumblatt", "given" : "Jane A. Gwira", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Dunn", "given" : "John R.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Schaffner", "given" : "William", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Moncayo", "given" : "Abelardo C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Jones", "given" : "Timothy F.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Environmental Health", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "8", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "16-18", "title" : "An Outbreak of Bed Bug Infestation in an Office Building", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "76" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=09abc3ad-d537-4453-b468-765d46163be9" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watkins", "given" : "J.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "British Journal Of School Nursing", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "10", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "page" : "479-480", "title" : "Identifying parasitic infestations part 2: From scabies to bed bugs", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "6" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=05135b51-fb53-4343-acca-d0fe6cf7a9e2" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Baumblatt et al.; Watkins)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/maste r/csl-citation.json" }(Baumblatt et al.; Watkins), the Cimex lectularius tend to spend much of their time hiding in dark crevices such as the fold of mattresses, under the sofa cushion, at the back of a headboard, behind wallpapers, and many others ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00033.x", "ISSN" : "1081-1710", "PMID" : "20618653", "abstract" : "A total of 54 bed bug-infested sites (hotels, public accommodations, and residential premises) in Malaysia and Singapore was surveyed between July, 2005 and December, 2008. Only one species of bed bug was found, the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius). Bed bug infestations were common in hotels and public accommodations when compared to residential premises. The three most common locations of infestation within an infested premise were the bedding (31.1%), the headboard (30.3%), and cracks and crevices surrounding the baseboard, wall, or floor (23.5%). We speculate that the route of movement of bed bugs in hotels and public accommodations is more direct than in residential premises.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "How", "given" : "Yee-Fatt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Lee", "given" : "Chow-Yang", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010", "6" ] ] }, "page" : "89-94", "title" : "Survey of bed bugs in infested premises in Malaysia and Singapore.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "35" }, "locator" : "92", "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=efaf8662-78b1-41db-b2f9-b48e8f7582ee" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "given" : "", "non-dropping-pa rticle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "title" : "Joint Statement on Bed Bug Control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=7b2a068a-1ecc-445f-a237-fd670377234a" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(How and Lee 92; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(How and Lee 92; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). They frequent areas where there are humans because they are attracted to body heat and exhaled carbon dioxide ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Huntington", "given" : "M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "The Journal Of Family Practice", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "7", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "page" : "384-388", "title" : "When bed bugs bite", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "61" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=fd08bb82-6bc5-4971-ace3-3a977b4367ab" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Huntington)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Huntington). Most people think that bed bugs are found only in dirty surroundings, but research shows that hygiene does not matter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ if a bed bug happens to ride in your luggage, you can expect to have bed bugs at home.The population of bed bugs dropped dramatically after World War II, thanks to synthetic, residual pesticides. In fact, bed bugs have become so uncommon it became very difficult to obtain species for medical study ADDIN CSL_CI TATION ...

Helping Student Use Textual Source Persuasively By...

Helping Student Use Textual Source Persuasively by Maragret Kantz, is a research about the mistakes most of us students make when researching for a paper. We need a theory-based explanation,one grounded in the findings of the published research on the nature and reasons for our students problems with writing persuasive researched papers. To understand how to teach students to write such papers, we also need a better understanding of the demands of synthesis tasks. Like most students like to state the facts given to us by published articles and not finding out the true facts of the research. In her research she introduced Shirley. A highly educated sophomore. She comes from an educated family with great reading and writing skills. Shirley wrote a research paper on the Battle of Agincourt. While she did her research and only wrote about the so called fact/truth, she did not receive the academic grade she thought she would since her facts were there. She then presented her concern with her friend Alice. While Shirley defended her sources Alice states You re dealing with facts, so there aren t too many choices. If you want to say something original you either have to talk about the sources or talk about the material... This would keep Shirley narrative structure of her research paper but also give her an argument and purpose. There are three causes Kantz states 1) Many students like Shirley misunderstand sources because they read them as stories. 2) Many students

What Is the Name of the Covalent Compound CCl4

What is the name of the covalent compound CCl4? Its carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride is an important nonpolar covalent compound. You determine its name based on the atoms present in the compound. By convention, the positively-charged (cation) part of the molecule is named first, followed by the negatively-charged (anion) part. The first atom is C, which is the element symbol for carbon. The second part of the molecule is Cl, which is the element symbol for chlorine. When chlorine is an anion, it is called chloride. There are 4 chloride atoms, so the name for 4, tetra, is used. This makes the molecules name carbon tetrachloride. Carbon Tetrachloride Facts CCl4 goes by many names besides carbon tetrachloride, including tetrachloromethane (IUPAC name), carbon tet, Halon-104, benziform, Freon-10, methane tetrachloride, Tetrasol, and perchloromethane. It is an organic compound that is a colorless liquid with a distinctive sweet odor, resembling that of ether or tetrachloroethylene used by dry cleaners. Its used primarily as a refrigerant and as a solvent. As a solvent, it is used to dissolve iodine, fats, oils, and other nonpolar compounds. The compound has also been used as a pesticide and fire extinguisher. Although carbon tetrachloride used to be widely available and used, it has been replaced by safer alternatives. CCl4 is known to cause liver failure. It also damages the nervous system and kidneys and may cause cancer. Primary exposure is via inhalation. Carbon tetrachloride is a greenhouse gas known to cause ozone depletion. In the atmosphere, the compound has an estimated lifetime of 85 years.

Comparing Women in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte...

Comparing Women in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman and The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck Talents and dreams, hopes and desires, shunned by the husbands and times of the women in The Chrysanthemums and The Yellow Wallpaper. The wife, Elisa, in the Chrysanthemums, reflects an internal struggle to find her place in a world of definite gender roles. The Yellow Wallpaper traces the treatment of a woman who descends from depression to madness in the male-imposed psychiatric confinement of her room. The mirror-like situations that hinder the protagonists in both stories call the women to conduct themselves in demeanors drastically different from one another. Elisa Allen of the Chrysanthemums and the narrator of the Yellow†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, this ?cure? makes her weak; it transforms her into a woman gone mad. She gives into the figments of her imagination and begins to metamorphose this ?thing? she imagines behind the wallpaper as a hallucinogenic image of herself. This ?woman? becomes a deadly combination: best friend and worst enemy. She views the woman as trapped, and, in order to free herself from this non-fulfilling life, she must free the woman. Elisa also receives an uninvited guest, a tinker who she perceives as the perfect emblem of freedom. His life is on the road, in the wild-outside the fence. She, like the narrator, feels a need, a desire, to help this outsider in order to liberate ones self. Vivid pictures and visions of a life with no barriers, boundaries, or limitations, run free in the minds of both Elisa Allen and the narrator in ?The Yellow Wallpaper.? These women begin to view objects as both symbols of entrapment and of license. Within the confinements of her ?prison?, this once busy and bothersome pattern of the yellow wallpaper begins to straighten out. It becomes almost bar-like, and with the walls and the windows this ?soothing? room turns into a reformatory from which she must abscond. Elisa must also break free, decomp from the boundary, the fence, that is enclosing her in the stationary, non-progressive life. She sees hope, a way to expand, through her joy, her love, her talent crysanthemums. By sharing her love with others, she is actually leaving, goingShow MoreRelated Discussing the Chrysanthemums Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussing the Chrysanthemums In studying the various schools of criticism and using them to decipher the inner workings of novels, short stories, and poems, it becomes apparent that they all share a common factor: a theme. The theme of a story is the general idea or insight, which is revealed by the entire story (Kennedy, 195). Although there are many themes that seem to be similar, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to find to stories with identical themes. Two stories with similar themes

Student Loan Crisis Research Paper - 1332 Words

ï ¿ ½PAGE ï ¿ ½ How to Make College More Affordable Many of the protesters occupying Wall Street and other places say they are upset about the rising price of going to college. There is little dispute today that the number of students who have debt has increased, and that the amount of money they have borrowed has gone up (Billitteri). Many students incur large amounts of debt that will never pay dividends in higher wages or greater job satisfaction, and they graduate into a world with weak employment prospects. Its a betrayal of the American social contract that says if you work hard and invest in yourself through education, youll be able to build a better life. The current system is badly in need of an overhaul, and this paper will present†¦show more content†¦The current rate is around 35%, where it has been for the last decade. (_Historical_). Our current American business model is based upon short-term gains by building capital, and industry has successfully lobbied Washington for lower tax rates for years. However, this is arguably not sustainable in the long term because technology-based business ventures will be forced to shift back to more industrial ones if they dont have a readily available educated workforce. Corporations that do not pay their share of taxes will eventually suffer the consequences as their ability to hire a tech-savvy, educated workforce diminishes. Third, we currently have a bankruptcy system that does not allow student loans to be discharged, and there is no statute of limitations on collections of student debt. The government can legally garnish money from a low-income student borrowers Social Security benefits and Earned Income Tax Credit. Garnishing money from low-income students contradicts the stated U.S. policy goal of reducing poverty, and is therefore hypocritical. 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Ambush Marketing- Is It Ethical Free Essays

Ambush Marketing- Is It ethical? While a lot of discussion has been going on for quite some time on â€Å"Marketing ethics† including almost every aspect of marketing be it market research, market audience, pricing or marketing strategy. But none of these issues seem to be even close to the issues raised by the ethics of advertising and promotion and specifically â€Å"ambush marketing† in particular. Hence in this article we will take a quick look at the ever-increasing practice of ambush marketing, its origin, examples and its ethical concerns. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambush Marketing- Is It Ethical or any similar topic only for you Order Now Background: The term â€Å"ambush† in literal terms means â€Å"an attack from a hidden position†, this in fact, is the founding stone of the term â€Å"ambush marketing†. â€Å"Ambush Marketing† was coined in the 1980’s by Jerry Welsh, the renowned marketing strategist, while he was working as a manager for global marketing efforts for American Express. When he coined the term, he referred it as a creative and legitimate marketing strategy which could provide a level playing ground to the competitors of a thematic sponsor. Today, however, the term is associated with a negative connotation. According to Wikipedia â€Å"ambush marketing refers to a company’s attempt to capitalize on the goodwill, reputation, and popularity of a particular event by creating an association with it, without the authorization or consent of the necessary parties. † It is an attempt of the ambusher to associate itself with an event without paying the fee and get some rub-off effects from it. When implemented effectively, it diminishes the value of the actual sponsors of the event by confusing the customers Fig:Typical example of ambush marketing Fig1. :Jet airlines putting a billboard â€Å"we’ve changed† Fig1. 2:Kingfisher took the responsibility of making them change Fig1. 3:Go Air cashed in on the success of the two billboards There is a thin line between Ambush marketing and effective marketing practice. All the marketing strategies adopted by a rival company in the midst of an event cannot be called as ambush marketing. An activity is termed as ambushing only i f the marketer is trying to endorse a specific product/event and by doing that the revenues of the main event are getting damaged. For example f spice jet shows its commercials in between a motor sports event, it will not be guilty of ambushing. But if Pepsi is launching a new ad campaign in between cricket world cup whose official sponsor is coke and it affects the sales of coke, it will be termed as an instance of ambushing. Fig:Pepsi ad during 1996 WC Strategies for ambush marketing can be broadly classified into two groups: Forging: In this form, a company misleads the people that the ambusher is one of the sponsors of the event by using a similar name or logo associated with the event while it is not. For example, in 2002 Sydney Olympics, Quantas airlines changed its slogan to â€Å"The spirit of Australia† which was very close to the games slogan â€Å"Share the Spirit†. This was a classic case of ambush marketing as the official airline partner of the event was Ansett Air but the slogan of Quantas airlines suggested otherwise. Fig:Quantas airlines Intrusion: Here the ambusher tries to give its own name or trade mark through the medium of publicity of the event without seeking the permission of the organiser. This strategy uses the attention created by the event to promote the ambusher’s product. This strategy is more popular with the ambushers now-a-days as forging can lead to legal actions and this is comparatively a risk-free strategy. A notable example of this strategy was in 2002 Boston Marathon, whose official sponsor was Adidas but Nike provided the runners with spray painted â€Å"swooshes† which suggested that the event was sponsored by Nike. Fig:2002 Boston Marathon In 2006 Bavaria Brewery gave away orange overalls called Leeuwenhosen to some of the fans to support the Netherlands football team with the brewery’s logo on them. The FIFA officials asked the fans to remove the orange overalls as Budweiser was the official sponsor. Fig: Supporters wearing Leeuwenhosen By this time you all must have guessed the issues with ambushing, but then too let us reiterate some of the important ones. The first and the biggest of them is that it reduces the effectiveness of the advertisements of the original sponsors of the event and decreases their revenues. It can also lead to withdrawal of some of the sponsors from the event such as IBM and Mars from the Olympic TOP programme. The sponsorships for these events are costly and by ambushing, these companies are deprived of their right to increase their visibility and thereby their customer base. Remedies for Ambushing: Ambushing has been gaining popularity ever since it came into existence which is causing a lot of concerns for the official sponsors of the event. Hence for better protection of the interests of the company certain strategies have evolved which could help the victim company to counter ambushing. The major ones are Learn How to Ambush: This measure is based on the premise that if the knows how to ambush then it will also know the vulnerable points on which it could be ambushed and then it can try to plug those gaps through stringent contracts. Leveraging: These are supplementary measures such as ads aimed at increasing public awareness about the official sponsors of the event. Limit a non-sponsors capacity to advertise: By limiting the non-sponsors ability to advertise in the proximity of the event reduces the probability of ambushing through physical stalls, outlets etc. This strategy is also known as â€Å"clean stadium† policy. Establish more control over advertising: This is one of the most important and one of the most difficult measures to exercise. Since reach of media to the viewers of an event is much more than the people actually coming and watching those events, it is very important for firms to try and limit the advertisements by non-sponsors. Educate Consumers: One of the most safest and effective measure is making the customers known about the official sponsors so that the ambushers cannot mislead the public. Legal Restrictions: Stringent legal measures can act as deterrents to the practice of unethical ambushing. Is it ethical? Ambush marketing has changed its shape and form from 1980’s till today. But what is constant is the debate on whether it is ethical or not. The answer is very subjective. If you are asking this question to the sponsor of the event he might say that it is synonymous with crime and to an ambusher it might seem to be an intelligent marketing strategy. The viewpoints become completely reversed if the ambusher is made the sponsor and vice-versa. My opinion about ambushing is same as the ambushers. Marketing as a field of study has always been associated with creativity and ambushing gives them a perfect platform for the same. In today’s world, where there is cut throat competition between corporates due to increasing competition and reducing margins, companies have to come up with such kind of measures to counter other. During the times of recession, when all the major economies of the world go to a standstill, it serves as a cost effective method of advertising. For me it is not breaking the law or doing illegal, it is an intelligent use of the loopholes in the marketing practices of the other firm. If my rival is not aware of its shortcomings, I should use it to my advantage. Also, competition is not a game with set rules; if I am refraining from using ambush marketing today does not mean that my rival facing the same condition would not use ambush against me. In my viewpoint, it is one of the best methods of marketing involving minimum capital and maximum gains. What you think of ambushing is up to you to decide. How to cite Ambush Marketing- Is It Ethical, Papers